Race data obtained under freedom of information paints a disturbing
picture of black and aboriginal overrepresentation inOntario youth and
adult jails.
• When it comes to girls, only aboriginal girls are overrepresented. Their jail admissions population is 10 times higher than what they represent in the general Ontario population of young girls.
Blacks and aboriginal people are overrepresented in Ontario’s youth
and adult jails, with some staggering ratios that mirror those of blacks
in American jails.
A Star analysis of Ontario jail data, obtained by University of
Toronto doctoral candidate Akwasi Owusu-Bempah through freedom of
information requests, shows:
• In Ontario, aboriginal boys aged 12 to 17 make up 2.9 per cent of
the young male population. But in Ontario youth facilities they make up
nearly 15 per cent of young male admissions. In other words, there are,
proportionally, five times more aboriginal boys in the young male jail
population than what they represent in the general young male
population.
• For black boys, the proportion of jail admissions is four times higher.
• For white boys and boys of other ethnicities, there is no such over representation.• When it comes to girls, only aboriginal girls are overrepresented. Their jail admissions population is 10 times higher than what they represent in the general Ontario population of young girls.
Notably, young male incarceration rates have steadily declined since
the introduction of the Youth Criminal Justice Act in 2003. But black
and aboriginal boys have not enjoyed the same rate of decline as white
boys. Nor have aboriginal girls.
As Toronto once again searches for answers in the wake of several
deaths of young black boys by guns this year, conditions may now be
ideal to tackle the roots of violence and change the picture in the
province’s jails.
Last year, the United Nations called on Canada to take “urgent
measures” to reduce the overrepresentations of aboriginals and blacks in
the criminal justice system and out-of-home care.
The picture is similar in Ontario adult jails, according to the Star’s analysis.
For those familiar with the criminal justice system, including
corrections staff, academics, lawyers, judges, families and community
workers, the numbers are not surprising.
“The trouble is, the numbers don’t show us a lot in the way of hope,”
says lawyer Jonathan Rudin, program director at Aboriginal Legal
Services of Toronto.
Federally, corrections data by race has for many years provided a look
at the result of decades of political indifference and systemic racism
in many aspects of Canadian society.
In a soon to be published chapter in the Oxford Handbook on Ethnicity,
Crime and Immigration, Owusu-Bempah and U of T criminology professor
Scot Wortley compared federal Canadian aboriginal and black inmate data
with U.S. black inmate data and discovered the degree of
overrepresentation of blacks in the justice system is similar.
Yet, in the U.S., black overrepresentation has received far more
public and political attention than these similar differences in Canada,
perhaps due to volume. The U.S., overall, jails far more people per
capita than any nation in the world. Some states spend as much on jails
as schools.
But consider the cost of crime, the justice system and incarceration
on Canadian families, communities and Canadian taxpayers. Study after
study has shown that investing in families, education and mentally and
physically healthy communities is less costly than the tab we are paying
for sick, poor communities in terms of health costs, opportunities
lost, policing, courts and jails.
The Ontario government, following the
largest mass shooting
in Toronto history last summer, has hurriedly dusted off a five-year-old plan to address the roots of youth violence.
Nationally, the Idle No More movement shows no signs of slowing and
Canada is being hauled before a human rights tribunal to face
allegations it mistreats aboriginal children.
Ontario’s top court is considering the legality of minimum mandatory
sentences that remove judicial discretion and are expected to gradually
increase jail populations — at a time when crime is on the decline.
Yet federally, the government — with the recent enactment of an
omnibus crime bill that will mean more adults in jail for more crimes
and a youth system that just got tougher — is at odds with Ontario and
other provinces and territories.
Why do our jails
look this way?
With aboriginal youth and adults, the factors include historical
discrimination, a ruinous trickle-down legacy of residential schools
that sees generations of parents with no parenting models, children in
foster care, bouncing from home to home, and coping through alcohol and
drugs.
Foster and state homes, as well as jails, are the “new residential schools,” says Rudin.
Young black men face racism, poverty, lack of opportunity, social
isolation, violence in their neighbourhoods, family challenges and
unemployment.
Once these men are known to police, systemic issues stack the deck
against already disadvantaged groups, say academics and a library of
past research, including the 1995 Report of the Commission on Systemic
Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System.
At-risk communities receive more police attention. Police detain,
leaving release decisions to the courts. Justices of the peace in
Ontario are demanding sureties more often these days. Making bail is
harder when you have no home, are poor, or have no one to be a surety.
Being held before trial leads to more guilty pleas that may set people
immediately free but count heavily against them with each subsequent
encounter with the law. More conditions at release time mean more of a
chance of breaching them, which brings one back to jail.
Getting out early is tougher in a parole system that is designed to
count as negatives a host of factors that are common among disadvantaged
groups.
Federally, longer sentences for serious crimes and life sentences for murder also contribute to the overrepresentations.
Disproportionate sentences for similar crimes for blacks also come into play, says Toronto criminal lawyer Reid Rusonik.
“Black people go to jail for possessing and selling crack cocaine.
White people who sell and use cocaine powder rarely do,” he says. “White
people get all of the discharges and conditional sentences for illegal
possession of firearms; black people go to jail.
“Name any essentially similar offence and the case law always seems to find it more serious when a black man commits it.”
Looming large are unaddressed learning and mental health issues.
According to recent data compiled by the Canadian Institute for Health
Information, youth in custody from Toronto and British Columbia were
much more likely than the general Canadian youth population to suffer
from conduct disorders, abuse alcohol and drugs, be diagnosed with
depression, or have schizophrenia or fetal alcohol syndrome.
Less than 1 per cent of the general youth population suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder. One in four youth in custody displayed
PTSD symptoms.
Despite efforts to deliver effective programming to Ontario inmates,
jail stays are often too short to do assessments and deliver educational
and support programs. In 2010, only seven out of every 100 adults
sentenced to a term of less than two years (and therefore in provincial
custody) had a sentence longer than six months.
More than half of adult inmates are admitted to jails to await a
chance for bail or, when denied, trials. During that “dead time”
programming is particularly difficult to access.
Upon release, youth and adults often end up in the same conditions
they left. Following a youth jail sentence, there’s a better than
50-per-cent chance they’ll be back.
“If the corrections systems were treated like an alternative justice
program it would be shut down,” says Rudin. “The success rate is so
low.”
Experts say one way to reduce overrepresentation in jails of
aboriginal people and blacks would be an overhaul of the justice system
itself, as suggested in the 1995 report on systemic racism in the
Ontario justice system.
“What’s really notable about that (report) is most of the
recommendations — by far the majority — have nothing to do with race,”
says U of T criminology professor Tony Doob. “They were saying that if
we had a sensibly operating criminal justice system in Ontario, then we
would improve it for everybody, but we would in particular improve it
for blacks.”
Another positive step, says Alvin Curling, former MPP and currently a
special adviser to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services, would be
the creation of a permanent czar-like bridge builder who could sit
above the more than a dozen ministries that have a stake in youth. That
person would make sure resources were wisely dispensed and programs were
effective and there for the long term.
“We have enough resources in this province to move towards solutions,” says Curling, who co-wrote the 2008
Roots of Youth Violence
report.
“You can’t arrest your way into a peaceful society. What you (then)
have is a huge institution called jails and then the cost is enormous,
and then what do you do with the people? You wear out people until they
die?”